白菜種類(lei)很(hen)多，北(bei)方的大白菜有(you)山東膠州大白菜(cai)、北京青(qing)白、天津青麻葉大白菜、東北大矮白(bai)菜、山西陽城的大(da)毛邊等。 白菜以柔(rou)嫩的葉球(qiu)、蓮座(zuo)葉或(huo)花莖供食(shi)用。栽培面積(ji)和(he)消費(fei)量在中國(guo)居各類蔬菜之首。

一(yi)、播種(zhong)
       適期播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。大白菜播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)期要求嚴格。早播(bo)(bo)，幼苗在高溫(wen)下生(sheng)長易受病毒(du)危害；晚播(bo)(bo)，生(sheng)長天數不(bu)夠，白菜包心不(bu)足，影(ying)響(xiang)產量(liang)和品質。中晚熟品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在7月20日(ri)左右(you)(you)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，不(bu)可晚于25日(ri)；早熟品種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)7月24日(ri)左右(you)(you)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，不(bu)晚于28日(ri)。播(bo)(bo)前，用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子重量(liang)0．3％的甲霜(shuang)靈拌種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。采(cai)用(yong)條播(bo)(bo)，畝用(yong)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)250克左右(you)(you)。在壟上劃溝，深2厘米(mi)左右(you)(you)，將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子均(jun)勻(yun)播(bo)(bo)下、然后蓋(gai)土1厘米(mi)左右(you)(you)，立(li)即澆水。
二、田(tian)間管理(li)
     ;  1、間(jian)苗(miao)(miao)、定(ding)苗(miao)(miao)、蹲苗(miao)(miao)。間苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)2次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)。第(di)(di)1次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)在幼苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)拉小十字時(shi)（兩片(pian)真(zhen)葉(xie)）進(jin)行(xing)(xing)，株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)距(ju)3～5厘(li)米(mi)(mi)；第(di)(di)2次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)4～5片(pian)真(zhen)葉(xie)時(shi)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)，株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)距(ju)8～10厘(li)米(mi)(mi)。間苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)時(shi)注意留(liu)壯苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)，淘汰病、弱、雜苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)，播(bo)種(zhong)后(hou)(hou)1個月內需(xu)中(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)3次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)，第(di)(di)一(yi)、二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)中(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)分別在第(di)(di)一(yi)、二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)間苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)后(hou)(hou)，定(ding)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)后(hou)(hou)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)第(di)(di)三(san)次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)中(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)。每次(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)中(zhong)耕(geng)(geng)結合鋤草，做(zuo)到深(shen)鋤溝。淺鋤背，切忌傷根(gen)。白(bai)菜長到10片(pian)葉(xie)時(shi)。按株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)距(ju)定(ding)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)。晚熟品種(zhong)畝保(bao)(bao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)2400株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)（行(xing)(xing)株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)距(ju)65×40厘(li)米(mi)(mi)）；中(zhong)熟品種(zhong)畝保(bao)(bao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)2500～2600株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)（60×40厘(li)米(mi)(mi)）；早(zao)熟品種(zhong)畝保(bao)(bao)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)3000株(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)（55×35厘(li)米(mi)(mi)）。定(ding)苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)后(hou)(hou)進(jin)入蹲苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)期(qi)，蹲苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)時(shi)間要根(gen)據天氣、土(tu)質、菜苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)生長情(qing)況靈活(huo)掌握(wo)，當(dang)白(bai)菜外(wai)葉(xie)變為濃綠(lv)色(se)，葉(xie)片(pian)早(zao)晚挺(ting)立，中(zhong)午出現萎蔫時(shi)結束蹲苗(miao)(miao)(miao)(miao)。一(yi)般沙壤土(tu)7～10天，粘壤土(tu)10～15天。
       2、追(zhui)肥(fei)澆(jiao)水(shui)。追(zhui)肥(fei)用化肥(fei)和(he)人糞(fen)尿(niao)(niao)等速效肥(fei)料。第2次(ci)間苗后（真葉4～5片）追(zhui)提苗肥(fei)，在距離(li)菜苗8～ 10厘米處開溝，條(tiao)施(shi)尿(niao)(niao)素7公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)／畝；蹲苗結(jie)束追(zhui)蓮座肥(fei)，結(jie)合培土條(tiao)施(shi)或(huo)穴施(shi)尿(niao)(niao)素30公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)／畝，要求先施(shi)肥(fei)， 后培土，再澆(jiao)水(shui)；進入包心期(qi)，大白(bai)菜已封壟(long)． 隨水(shui)每(mei)畝追(zhui)施(shi)大糞(fen)稀500公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)或(huo)尿(niao)(niao)素5公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)。為了增加(jia)產量和(he)抗病(bing)性，可在蓮座期(qi)、包心期(qi)各噴1次(ci)0．3％的(de)磷酸(suan)二(er)氫鉀(jia)和(he)2％的(de)硫酸(suan)鋅溶(rong)液。
       澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)是決定大白(bai)菜能否(fou)高產的(de)關鍵措(cuo)施。白(bai)菜播(bo)種(zhong)后(hou)(hou)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)，要(yao)求小水(shui)(shui)浸灌(guan)，以浸透播(bo)種(zhong)位為宜，防(fang)止大水(shui)(shui)漫灌(guan)沖掉種(zhong)子。頭(tou)水(shui)(shui)后(hou)(hou)2～3天(tian)澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)第2水(shui)(shui)，4～5片(pian)葉時結(jie)合追提苗肥澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)1次水(shui)(shui)，以后(hou)(hou)可根據天(tian)氣情況(kuang)(kuang)再澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)2～3水(shui)(shui)。蹲苗期一般(ban)不澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)，使根深(shen)扎，促(cu)根群發達。蹲苗結(jie)束，結(jie)合追肥澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)2次水(shui)(shui)要(yao)防(fang)止日曬(shai)使土地干裂(lie)、白(bai)菜斷根。白(bai)菜包心期是生長最快的(de)時候，要(yao)保持地面(mian)潮濕(shi)。視天(tian)氣和土壤干濕(shi)情況(kuang)(kuang)，約7天(tian)左(zuo)右澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)1次水(shui)(shui)，收獲(huo)前15天(tian)停止澆(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)水(shui)(shui)。
三、病蟲(chong)害防(fang)治(zhi)
       白菜主要蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害為蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、菜青蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、跳甲(jia)、葉(xie)螨等(deng)(deng)。播種前(qian)對白萊(lai)地(di)周圍(wei)的雜草用(yong)(yong)敵敵畏(wei)1500倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)或菊酯(zhi)類(lei)(lei)農藥2500倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)噴(pen)霧，以殺滅蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)和葉(xie)螨。白菜苗期(qi)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)菊酯(zhi)類(lei)(lei)農藥40～80毫升／畝與敵敵畏(wei)1200倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)混合噴(pen)霧，防治蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、跳甲(jia)、地(di)老虎等(deng)(deng)。防治菜青蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)用(yong)(yong)蘇云金(jin)桿菌(jun)乳(ru)劑130克／畝噴(pen)霧，隔7天再噴(pen)1次。9月中(zhong)、下旬是蚜(ya)(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)大發生期(qi)，用(yong)(yong)辟蚜(ya)(ya)霧可(ke)濕性粉劑2200～3000倍(bei)(bei)液(ye)噴(pen)施2次防治。